Rev. LatinoAm. Enfermagem vol.17 número3

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NURSI NG RESEARCH AND BI BLI OGRAPHI C CI TATI ON MODELS

Jor di Piqu é An gor dan s1 Ram ón Cam añ o Pu ig1

Car m en Piqu é Nogu er a2

Piqué Angor dans J, Cam año Puig C, Piqué Noguer a C. Nur sing r esear ch and bibliogr aphic cit at ion m odels. Rev

Lat inoam Enfer m agem 2 0 0 9 m aio- j unho; 1 7 ( 3 ) : 3 8 7 - 9 5 .

This r esear ch focuses on t he analy sis of how nur sing j our nals publish t heir paper s. Basically , t w o m odels ar e

an aly zed, Van cou v er , by t h e I n t er n at ion al Com m it t ee of Medical Jou r n al Edit or s, an d APA by t h e Am er ican

Psy chological Associat ion. Their adv ant ages and disadv ant ages ar e discussed. I n v iew of how r esear ch paper s

ar e cur r ent ly published and how r esear ch is j udged, t he aut hor s pr opose t hat nur sing j our nals adopt t heir ow n

m odel, ir r espect iv e of how m edical pr ofessionals publish.

DESCRI PTORS: nur sing r esear ch; bibliogr aphy ; per iodicals; scient ific and t echnical publicat ions

LA I NVESTI GACI ÓN EN ENFERMERÍ A Y LOS MODELOS DE CI TACI ÓN BI BLI OGRÁFI CA

Est a inv est igación se cent r a en el análisis de la for m a de publicar de las r ev ist as de enfer m er ía. Se analizan

básicam ent e dos m odelos, el m odelo Vancouver , pr om ovido por el Com it é I nt er nacional de Edit or es de Revist as

Méd i ca s, y el m o d el o APA, d e l a Aso ci a ci ó n No r t ea m er i ca n a d e Psi co l o g ía . Se d i scu t en su s v en t a j a s e

inconvenient es. A la vist a de cóm o se publica en la act ualidad y de cóm o se j uzga la invest igación, se pr opone

que las r evist as de enfer m er ía adopt en su pr opio m odelo, independient em ent e de cóm o publican los pr ofesionales

de la m edicina.

DESCRI PTORES: inv est igación en enfer m er ía; bibliogr afía; publicaciones per iódicas; publicaciones cient íficas y

t écn icas

PESQUI SA DE EN FERMAGEM E MODELOS DE CI TAÇÃO BI BLI OGRÁFI CA

Est a pesquisa concent r a- se na análise de com o os j or nais de enfer m agem publicam os seus ar t igos. Basicam ent e,

d ois m od elos são an alisad os, o Van cou v er , p r om ov id o p elo Com it ê I n t er n acion al d os Ed it or es d e Rev ist as

Médicas, e APA, pela Associação Psicológica Am er icana. As suas vant agens e desvant agens são aqui discut idas.

Dian t e da m an eir a qu e os ar t igos de pesqu isa est ão sen do pu blicados, at u alm en t e, e com o a pesqu isa est á

sen d o j u lg ad a, os au t or es p r op õem u m m od elo p r óp r io p ar a a en f er m ag em , in d ep en d en t em en t e d e com o

pu blicam os pr of ission ais m édicos.

DESCRI TORES: pesqu isa de en fer m agem ; bibliogr afia; pu blicações; pu blicações cien t íficas e t écn icas

1_{Senior Lect ur er, Univer sit y of Valencia, Spain, e- m ail: j or di.pique@uv.es, ram on.cam ano@uv.es;}2_{Junior Lect ur er, Facult y of Philology, Translat ion and}

Com m unicat ion, Univer sit y of Valencia, Spain.

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I NTRODUCTI ON

S

cient ific t r adit ion som et im es causes cer t ain iner t ia and im it at ion, difficult t o av oid and w hich, in

t he case of nursing, is relat ed t o m edicine due t o t he

influence t his profession has t radit ionally exert ed over

it . Thus, it is not sur pr ising t hat m edicine has led a

large part of nursing resear ch t o publish according t o

t he Vancouver m odel. This m odel got it s nam e aft er

t h e m eet i n g o f j o u r n al ed i t o r s h el d i n Van co u v er,

Ca n a d a i n 1 9 7 8 , w h i ch cr e a t e d t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l

Com m it t ee of Medical Journal Edit ors. I n t his m eet ing,

edit ors agreed on t he unificat ion of how professionals

sh ou ld w r it e an d cit e in t h e m ed ical ar ea. I n it ially,

m ain ly biom edical scien ces j ou r n als adh er ed t o t h e

gr oup and a list of 300 j our nals( 1) w as published, w hile

only t he Nur sing j our nal w as included.

Th e Van cou v er m od el w as im p lem en t ed in

nur sing in par t because t her e w as w or k alr eady done

and also due t o a cert ain edit orial inexperience, w hich

l ed t o t h e ad o p t i o n o f t h e n ew p u b l i sh i n g m o d el ,

w it hout previous analysis by professionals responsible

for several of t hese j ournals. I t is im por t ant t o appoint

ot her consider at ions how ever, for ex am ple r egar ding

t h e m e a n i n g a n d u se o f ci t a t i o n s. Ca m p a n a r i o( 2 )

describes t he subj acent principle of every cit at ion: “ if

a docum ent cit es anot her docum ent , bot h acquir e a

concept ual r elat ionship”, t hat is, t hr ough cit at ions w e

ack n ow l ed g e an d accep t t h at ou r p u b l i cat i on s ar e

closed link ed t o t he r efer ences included. Hence, t his

r elat ion dem an ds an at t it u de of r espect t o w h om is

cit ed an d t o w h at is cit ed, w h ich is su pposed t o be

consult ed at least in it s m ain lines and not only t hrough

t it les and abst ract s obt ained in bibliographic searches,

w hich unfor t unat ely is som et im es obser ved. How ever,

for t his respect t o be real and not fict it ious, a crit ical

evaluat ion is also needed t o clar ify w hy som e aut hor s

a r e c i t e d a n d n o t o t h e r s , s i n c e t o s u p p o r t a n d

s t r e n g t h e n v i e w s e x p r e s s e d( 3 ), o n e s h o u l d c i t e

r e se a r ch n o t o n l y e a si l y a cce sse d b u t a l so w e l l

int erpret ed and evaluat ed by t he aut hor. This is what

r e s e a r c h u s i n g t h e APA m o d e l p r o p o s e d b y t h e

Am e r i ca n Psy ch o l o g i ca l Asso ci a t i o n a n d , i n so m e

cases, t he Harvard m odel, very sim ilar t o APA, aim at .

Th e Va n co u v e r m o d e l f o r m a t p r e se n t s a

n u m ber bet w een br ack et s, or as a su per in dex , f or

each b ib liog r ap h ic en t r y t h at is ad d ed in t h e or d er

t hey appear in t ext , in t he com plet e list of references

at t he end( 1). I n fact , t here is available soft w are t hat

easies t he t ask and speeds up t he st udy pr esent at ion.

How ever, t he abundance of bibliographic cit at ions on

one hand, and t he w or d scar cit y in t heir ev aluat ions

on t he ot her, are due t o t he generalized idea t hat t he

m o r e b i b l i o g r ap h i c en t r i es t h e g r eat er t h e i m p act

pr oduced, even if none of t he cit at ions ar e evaluat ed.

An o t h er f a ct o r m i g h t b e t h e eco n o m i c l i m i t a t i o n ,

u su a l l y e x ce ssi v e , i m p o se d b y p u b l i sh e r s o n t h e

n u m ber of t ot al w or ds of ar t icles. All t h ese t en d t o

excessively r educe pr evious and necessar y evaluat ion

an d / or cr i t i q u e o f p r ev i ou s l i t er at u r e, w h i ch f av o r

seco n d a n d t h i r d h a n d ci t a t i o n s a n d i n cr ea se t h e

ch an ces t h at er r or s m ay f ilt er t h r ou g h p r est ig iou s

st u d i es f o r h a v i n g “ co p i ed ” a w r o n g b i b l i o g r a p h i c

infor m at ion in it s beginning.

Cr it icism is v er y ex p licit w h en r ef er r in g t o

m i n i m u m st a n d a r d s r e g a r d i n g p r e v i o u s l i t e r a t u r e

r ev iew t h at appear s in t h e ar t icle in t r odu ct ion , in a

se p a r a t e se ct i o n o r i n t h e a r t i cl e d i scu ssi o n . As

st ressed by Sw ales( 4), it is not about cr eat ing anyt hing

n e w , g a p s s h o u l d b e i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s

lit erat ure, w hat ot hers init iat ed in a given area should

be r esear ched and cont inued and dat a sour ces ot her

r esear cher s hav e used should also be inv est igat ed.

W h e n o n e e x a m i n e s se v e r a l p r o f e ssi o n a l

j ournals in t he area of healt h sciences, different w ays

t o use and cit e bibliogr aphy ar e found, t hat is, differ ent

f o r m s o f a t t r i b u t i n g t o e a c h r e s p e c t i v e a u t h o r

in f or m at ion ex t r act ed t h r ou g h b ib liog r ap h ic sear ch .

Th e m ain m od els of b ib liog r ap h ic cit at ion cu r r en t ly

used are analyzed in t his st udy in t erm s of t heir ut ilit y

and per t inence, aim ing t o dist inguish w hich could be

t he m ost adequat e t o be used in nur sing r esear ch. I t

i s i n t e n d e d t h a t n u r si n g p r o f e ssi o n a l s p a y m o r e

at t en t ion t o t h e an aly sis an d ev alu at ion of pr ev iou s

l i t e r a t u r e a n d a l so t o p r o p o se t h e u n i f i ca t i o n o f

referencing and cit ing crit eria in nursing so t hat it m ay

answ er it s r esear ch needs, w hich do not necessar ily

have t o be t he sam e used in ot her ar eas.

MATERI AL AND METHOD

This st udy is based on t he analysis of cit at ion

sy st em s used by nur sing j our nals cont ained in t hr ee

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- Tw ent y- t w o j our nals of fr ee access in t he Dir ect or y

of Open Access Journals ( DOAJ) in t he Nur sing sect ion

( Table 1 ) ;

- The first 20 Spanish j ournals according t o t he m ost

recent list published in t he CUI DEN ranking ( Table 2) ;

- The 36 nur sing j our nals, w hich unt il 2006, w er e in

t he I SI im pact fact or list ( Table 3) .

I n t h e f ir st gr ou p, 2 2 j ou r n als list ed in t h e

DOAJ w er e analy zed, aim ing t o assess t he m odel of

r efer ences used and t he m ost significant differ ences

t h at cou ld b e ob ser v ed . How ev er, on ly t h e f ir st 2 0

j o u r n a l s f r o m t h e se co n d d a t a b a se a cco r d i n g t o

r ank ing CUI DEN w er e used, due t o t he fact t hat t hey

alm ost u n an im ou sly elect ed t h e Van cou ver st an dar d

of biom edical j ou r n als. I n t h e I SI list , w e an aly zed

t h e 3 6 j o u r n al s t h at ap p ear ed i n 2 0 0 6 an d w h i ch

of f er ed g r eat er v ar iab ilit y in t h e m od el u sed . Also,

t o illust rat e t he differences in t he cit at ions used in t he

t w o m odels, a com par at ive analysis of t he applicat ion

of bot h r efer ence sy st em s, APA and Vancouver, w as

car r ied ou t , based on t h e or igin al ar t icles pu blish ed

i n j o u r n a l s co n t ai n ed i n t h e d a t a b a ses t h i s st u d y

f ocu sed on .

RESULTS

The fir st dat abase sear ched w as t he Dir ect or y

o f Op e n Acce ss Jo u r n a l s( 5 ), i n w h i ch 2 2 n u r si n g

j our nals w er e analy zed, pr esent ed in Table 1.

Table 1 – Dat a on t he publicat ion or igin and st y le of 22 nur sing j our nals in DOAJ, alphabet ically or der ed.

Jour nals 9 and 21 r equir e r egist r at ion t o be accessed.

s l a n r u o j J A O

D Country Association Model

m r e f n E l u a P a t c A .

1 Brazli EscolaPauilstadeMedicina Vancouver

g n i s r u N C M B .

2 USA BioMedCentral Vancouver

m r e f n E c n e i C .

3 Chlie Depto.Enfermería APA

s o m o k o r e G .

4 Spain SociedadEsp.deGeriatríaeGerontología Vancouver

m r e f n E x e d n I .

5 Spain FundaciónIndex VancouverandAPA

P s r u N v d A J t n I .

6 USA InternetScienitifcPubilcaitons(ispub.com) VancouverandAPA

v n I e r u N .

7 Spain FundaciónparaelDesarrollodaEnfermería(FUDEN) VancouverandAPA

s r u N J z a r B e n il n O .

8 Brazli UniversidadeFederalFluminense Vancouver

s r u N s e u s s I J e n il n O .

9 USA KentStateUniversity APA

s c it a m r o f n I s r u N J e n il n O . 0

1 USA OJNICorp. APA

C h tl a e H s r u N l a r u R J e n il n O . 1

1 USA RuralNurseOrganizaiton APA

e h T ,l a n r u o J g n i s r u N n e p O . 2

1 USA BenthamOpenAlerts Vancouver

m r e f n E s a r B v e R . 3

1 Brazli AssociaçãoBraslieiradeEnfermagem Vancouver

m r e f n E a n a b u C v e R . 4

1 Cuba Ed.CienciasMédicas Vancouver

P S U m r e f n E c s E v e R . 5

1 Brazli UniversidadedeSãoPaulo Vancouver

l o r f e N m r e f n E p s E c o S v e R . 6

1 Spain SociedadEspañoladeEnfermeríaNefrológica Vancouver

m r e f n E r t c e l E v e R . 7

1 Brazli FacutladdeEnfermería VancouverandAPA

m r e f n E m a -o n it a L v e R . 8

1 Brazli EscoladeEnfermagem Vancouver

m o C . e d ú a S v e R . 9

1 Brazli UniversidadedoSudoestedaBahia Vancouver

m r e f n E o t x e t n o C o t x e T . 0

2 Brazli UniversidadFederaldeSantaCatarina Vancouver

s r u N t c a r P v d A s c i p o T . 1

2 USA MedscapeToday Vancouver

s d n u o W e d i W d l r o W . 2

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Table 1 sh ow s t h at 1 5 of t h e j ou r n als on ly

pu blish accor din g t o t h e Van cou v er m odel ( 6 8 . 2 % ) ,

t h r ee of w h ich ( 1 3 . 6 % ) accep t ed a f ew ar t icles in

anot her m odel ( APA, Har var d) , w hile t he r est ( 18.2% )

d ir ect ly d ef en d t h e APA m od el: t h r ee ar e f r om t h e

Unit ed St at es and one fr om Chile ( Cienc Enfer m ) . I t

m ust be point ed out t hat m any j our nals t hat publish

accor din g t o t h e Van cou v er st an dar ds ar e lin k ed t o

so m e m e d i ca l l a b o r a t o r y o r b i o m e d i ca l d a t a b a se

( B i o M e d , M e d l i n e , S u r g i c a l M a t e r i a l s Te s t i n g

La b o r at o r y et c. ) , w h i ch a l so seem s r ea so n ab l e i n

j our nals or iginat ed fr om healt h inst it ut ions, as is t he

case of t he m aj or it y of Lat in- Am er ican j our nals except

for t he Chilean ( nº 3) , w hich publishes accor ding t o

t h e A PA m o d e l . M a n y n u r s i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l s ,

regardless of t heir individual w ork, j oint ly publish w it h

m edical t eam s, w ho opt t o publish in m edical j our nals

and som et im es in m ult idisciplinar y j our nals w it h t he

highest possible im pact , w hich usually does not occur

w it h j ournals exclusively from t he nursing area( 6). The

I n d ex En f er m j o u r n al w as t h e o n e i n w h i ch m o r e

f r eedom of st y le w as obser v ed, w h er e t h e edit or ial

b oar d , ev en ad v isin g t o u se t h e Van cou v er m od el,

fr equent ly accept s ar t icles follow ing ot her m odels.

Th e Gr o u p o f D o cu m en t ar y St u d i es I n d ex

Fou n dat ion h as pu blish ed sev er al st u dies r elat ed t o

n u r si n g j o u r n a l s i n t h e Sp a n i sh a n d Po r t u g u e se

lan g u ag e ar ea an d also t h e list of CUI DEN im p act

indicat ors, t hrough w hich som e significant inform at ion

can be infer r ed. Table 2 pr esent s t he dist r ibut ion of

t he fir st 20 Spanish j our nals in 2006 accor ding t o t he

Rc_h( 7) index .

Table 2 - BdD 2: Spanish j our nals, or der ed accor ding t o t he CUI DEN rat e of hist or ical im pact ( Rc_h)

A s o b s e r v e d i n Ta b l e 2 , m o s t S p a n i s h

n u r sin g p r of ession als f ollow t h e Van cou v er m od el,

accor d in g t o t h e st an d ar d s of each j ou r n al, ex cep t

f or Cu lt u r a d os Cu id ad os ( n º 1 0 ) , w h ich p u b lish es

a cco r d i n g t o t h e APA m o d e l , b e si d e s o t h e r s t h a t

occasion ally accep t it ( n º 1 5 an d 1 6 ) .

I t w ould be unfair, how ev er, t o sam ple only

n u r sin g j ou r n als in clu d ed in t h e DOAJ ( Tab le 1 ) or

on ly an d ex clu siv ely Sp an ish j ou r n als in t h e I n d ex

Foundat ion ( Table 2) t o obt ain r epr esent at ive r esult s.

Not because t hey are fr ee access j our nals or because

s o m e o f t h e m a r e e l e c t r o n i c , w h o s e i m p a c t i s

q u e s t i o n e d( 8 ), b u t b e c a u s e o f o t h e r f a c t o r s , f o r

inst ance, dat a t hat appear in Jour nal Cit at ion Repor t s

accor ding t o Table 3.

I S I t s i

L IndexRch City Association/editorial Model

m r e f n E x e d n I .

1 3,878 Granada FundaciónIndex APAand

r e v u o c n a V

a v i s n e t n I m r e f n E .

2 3,500 Madrid SpanishSocietyofIntensive NursingCareandCoronaryUnits Vancouver

m r e f n E L O R v e R .

3 2,883 Barcelona EdicionesRoldeEnfermería Vancouver

s o m o k o r e G .

4 2,650 Madrid SpanishGeriatricandGerontologySociety Vancouver

a c i n íl C m r e f n E .

5 2,550 Barcelona Doyma Vancouver

l o i d r a C m r e f n E .

6 2,000 Madrid SpanishAssociaitonofNursinginCardiology Vancouver

s il a t i V s u p m e T .

7 1,666 Almería AndaluzadeEnfenCuidadosCríitcos Vancouver

s e d u t e i u q n I .

8 1,400 Jaén ComplejoHospitalario Vancouver

m r e f n E s a t e M .

9 1,371 Madrid GrupoParadigma Vancouver

d i u C l u C . 0

1 1,322 Xàvia,Valencia ConsejodeEnfermeríadelaComunidadValenciana APA

a it n e d i v E . 1

1 0,955 Granada FundaciónIndex Vancouver

f o r P s a n o r t a M . 2

1 0,750 Barcelona FederacióndeAsociacionesdeMatronasdeEspaña Vancouver

l o r f e N m r e f n E p s E c o S v e R . 3

1 0,703 Madrid Soc.Esp.deEnferm.Nefrológica Vancouver

a i r o m e M h c r A . 4

o r u f n E . 5

1 0,437 Madrid Asoc.Esp.deEnferm.EnUrología Vancouver

l a r g e t n I m r e f n E . 6

1 0,424 Valencia ColégioOifcialdeATSeDUE Vancouver

l a b o l G m r e f n E . 7

1 0,403 Murcia UniversityofMurcia Vancouver

v n I e r u N . 8

1 0,347 Madrid Foundaitonfornurserydevelopment(FUDEN) Vancouver

a i r a t i n u m o C m r e f n E . 9

e t n e c o D m r e f n E . 0

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I S I t s i

L ImpactFactor Country Observations Model

C t a n i r e P s s I -h t r i B .

1 2,058 USA BlackwellPubilshing Vancouver

n o c E s r u N .

2 1,810 USA JannetitPubilcaitons APA

e r a C t i r C J m A .

3 1,685 USA Am.Assoc.ofCriitcalCareNurses Vancouver

s e R s r u N .

4 1,604 USA LippincottWliilams&Wlikins APA

m u r o F s r u N l o c n O .

5 1,475 USA OncologyNursingSociety APA

s r u N n il C J .

6 1,430 RU BlackwellPubilshing APA

k o o lt u O s r u N .

7 1,419 USA AmericanAcademyofNursing Vancouver

s r u N v d A J .

8 1,342 RU BlackwellPubilshing APA

h tl a e H s r u N s e R .

9 1,337 USA JohnWliey&Sons APA

i c S s r u N v d A . 0

1 1,271 USA LippincottWliilams&Wlikins Vancouver

p i h s r a l o h c S s r u N J . 1

1 1,250 RU HonorSocietyofNursing APA

s e R s r u N J n r e t s e W . 2

1 1,240 USA MidwestNursingResearchSociety APA

y r e f i w d i M . 3

1 1,169 UK ChurchillLivingstone APA

s r u N t a n o e N t a n i r e P J . 4

t c a L m u H J . 5

1 1,133 USA Internat.LactaitonConsutlantAssoc. Vancouver

n i m d A s r u N J . 6

t r a u Q i c S s r u N . 7

1 1,074 USA SagePubilcaitons APA

d u t S s r u N J t n I . 8

1 1,073 RU Pergamon-ElsevierScience APA

s r u N m r o f n I t u p m o C -N I C . 9

o e N n y G t s b O J . 0

2 0,987 USA Assoc.Women'sHeatlh APA

s r u N r e c n a C . 1

2 0,985 USA Lippincotteta.l Vancouver

y a d o T c u d E s r u N . 2

2 0,527 USA ElsevierScience APA

g n u L t r a e H . 3

2 0,955 USA ElsevierScience Vancouver

s r u N h tl a e H c il b u P . 4

2 0,522 RU AssociaitonofCommunityHeatlhNursingEducators APA

l a u Q e r a C s r u N J . 5

s r u N f o r P J . 6

2 0,878 USA Saunders-Elsevier APA

C r t a i h c y s P t c e p s r e P . 7

2 0,800 USA AdutlandGeropsychiatricMentalHeatlhNurses APA

s c i h t E s r u N . 8

2 0,784 RU SagePubilcaitons Vancouver

l a e H m o W y r e f i w d i M J . 9

2 0,878 USA ElsevierScience Vancouver

s e R s r u N l p p A . 0

s r u N J m A . 1

s r u N t a i h c y s P h c r A . 2

c u d E s r u N J . 3

3 0,696 USA Slack APA

C s d i A e s r u N c o s s A J . 4

3 0,657 USA AssociaitonofNursesinAIDSCare APA

m A N n il C s r u N . 5

3 0,432 USA Elsevier Vancouver

s r u N r t a i r e G . 6

3 0,373 USA NaitonalGeronto.lNurs.Associaiton Vancouver

Table 3 – Dat a on t he publicat ion or igin and st y le of t he 20 fir st nur sing j our nals accor ding t o im pact fact or

( Jour nal Cit at ion Repor t 2006)

Thirt y- six nursing j ournals included in t he I SI

list , out of m or e t han 50 t hat w ill possibly appear in

t he nex t list , w er e analy zed accor ding t o t he im pact

f act or ( 2 0 0 6 ) ( Table 3 ) t o see t o w h at ex t en t t h ey

follow t he t r end show ed in Tables 1 and 2. Accor ding

t o Table 3, 20 ( 55.6% ) out of t he 36 nur sing j our nals

in t his list follow t he APA m odel and 16 ( 44.4% ) follow

t h e Van cou v er m odel.

Th e i m p o r t an ce n u r si n g p u b l i cat i o n s h av e

r ecen t l y h ad m ad e Th o m p so n Sci en t i f i c an n o u n ce

t h e ex p an si o n o f n u r si n g j o u r n al s co v er ag e i n an

a r t i cl e p u b l i sh e d i n t h e p r e ss o n Se p t e m b e r 7t h

2 0 0 6 . As st at ed in t h e p r ess r elease “ b ein g in d ex ed

b y I SI Web of Kn ow led g e is an im p or t an t in d icat or

of t h e im p act an d in f lu en ce of a scien t if ic j ou r n al

i n i t s r esp ect i v e f i el d .” I t i s ev i d en t t h a t n u r si n g

r e s e a r c h e r s h a v e t a k e n t h e i n i t i a t i v e t o g i v e

n u r si n g t h i s a u t o ch t h o n o u s n a t u r e , e sp e ci a l l y i n

cou n t r ies w h er e t h er e ar e h ig h ed u cat ion d eg r ees

(6)

h er e an d h as con sid er ab ly an d con cr et ely ad v an ced

in t h e Un it ed St at es. I t is sig n if ican t t h at t h er e ar e

n o Sp an ish j ou r n als in t h e I SI list so f ar an d t h at

o n l y r e c e n t l y t h e i n c l u s i o n o f t h e Br a z i l i a n Re v

La t i n o - a m En f e r m a g e m w a s a n n o u n ce d .

REASON S TO ELECT THE MODEL

Most nur sing j our nals in t he I SI index em ploy

a reference syst em m ore relat ed t o t he Social Sciences

like t he APA m odel and w hich is proposed in t his art icle,

n ot becau se on e w an t s t o abdicat e on e’s edu cat ion

b u t b e c a u s e o n e w i s h e s t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e

im p r ov em en t of r esear ch q u alit y an d t o t h e r esu lt

and select ion of bibliographic m at erial. A com parat ive

ex a m p l e o b t a i n ed i n n u r si n g j o u r n a l s i n cl u d ed i n

d at ab ases m en t ion ed ab ov e sh ou ld b e su f f icien t t o

show t he differ ence.

See b elow Tab le 4 in w h ich t h e au t h or s of

Sp an ish lan g u ag e elect t h e d escr ib ed an d d if f er en t

m o d el s.

Table 4 – Com par ison of t w o t ex t s fr om t he nur sing ar ea or iginally w r it t en in Spanish, one accor ding t o t he

Vancouver m odel and t he ot her accor ding t o APA

Th e f i r s t e x a m p l e f r o m t h e j o u r n a l

Ge r o k o m o s f o l l o w s t h e Va n co u v e r m o d e l a n d i t s

aut hors include in t he first paragraph six bibliographic

it em s, anot her six in t he second and one in t he t hir d;

a t ot al of 1 3 bibliogr aph ic cit at ion s. How ev er, t h ese

ar e not cr it ically ev aluat ed, som e ar e r epet it iv e and

ot h er s u n n ecessar y. On t h e ot h er h an d, t h e t ex t in

t he APA m odel, also fr om t he nur sing ar ea, w it hout

any bibliographic fanfare as t he t hem e it self does not

require t his, suffices w it h t hree bibliographic cit at ions.

Mor eov er, t he second t ex t seem s ver y w ise because

it q u ot es au t h or s’ ex act w or d s in a con t ex t w h er e

par aphr asing w ould also appear r edundant . The only

a d v a n t a g e f o u n d i n t h e Va n co u v e r m o d e l i s t h e

schem at izat ion of infor m at ion, t hough t he quest ion is

w het her t his is w hat an incipient science like nur sing

needs. We do not believ e so.

T h e Va n c o u v e r m o d e l i s d i r e c t l y

c o n t r a d i c t e d b y S w a l e s ’( 4 ) r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t h a t

d e f e n d s a m i x e d p r o c e d u r e , w h i c h w o u l d b e

con sid er ab ly r ein f or ced in t h e an aly sis of cit at ion s,

incr easing t echniques of t ex t ual analy sis. This aut hor

ask s a ser ies of quest ions t hat should be consider ed

at t h e m om en t of in clu d in g cit at ion s in t h e ar t icle

sect ion r ev iew of t he lit er at ur e, for ex am ple: w het her

t h e cit at ion w as ev alu at ed or cr it icized ; w h et h er it

q u o t es t h e au t h o r d i r ect l y ; w h et h er i t r ef er s t o a

t h eor y or sim ply t o a con cept ; w h et h er au t h or an d

y ear ar e r epr esent ed bet w een par ent heses, and if it

dir ect ly r epr oduces w or ds or pr oposes an alt er nat iv e

t o it . Th e f ollow in g ex am p le( 1 2 ), an ex cer p t f r om a

m ed ical ar t icle, con f ir m s t h is lack of ev alu at ion or

cr it iqu e in t h e Van cou v er m odel.

Th e i m p o r t a n ce o f h y p er - h o m o cy st i n em i a a s

vascular risk fact or in general and acut e st roke in

p ar t icu lar h as b een d escr ib ed( 1 - 1 0 ). Th e h y p er

-hom ocystinem ia etiology varies considerably, causing

high levels of hom ocysteine in the blood in chronic

renal failure, liver failure, m alnut rit ion, use of oral

contraceptives, changes in Cistation beta synthase,

antiepileptics, L-dopa and drugs that interfere in the

m et abolic pat hw ay s of folat e, sm ok ing, et c( 11- 15).

Differences due to gender have been observed and

hom ocysteinem ia is higher in m en(16-18).

r e v u o c n a

V :_e_x_c_e_r_p_t_f_r_o_m_t_h_e_i_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n_o_f_a_n_u_r_s_i_n_g_a_r_t_i_c_l_e h s i n a p S n i n e t t i r w y l l a n i g i r

o (10)

y l l a n i g i r o e l c i t r a g n i s r u n a f o n o i t c u d o r t n i e h t m o r f t p r e c x e : A P A h s i n a p S n i n e t t i r

w (11)

n o it c u d o r t n I s e i r t n u o c g n i p o l e v e d n i g n i g a s i n o it a l u p o

P (1-4)._P_e_o_p_l_e_o_l_d_e_r_t_h_a_n₆₅_y_e_a_r_s

n o it r o p o r p , n i a p S n i n o it a l u p o p l a t o t e h t f o s m r e t n i % 4 . 5 1 t n e s e r p e r d l o 0 8 s s a p ll i w o h w e s o h t y ll a i c e p s e , 5 2 0 2 li t n u e s a e r c n i ll i w d e v e il e b s i t a h t d e p o l e v e d n i e u s s i t n a t r o p m i n a s i n o it a l u p o p g n i g a e h T ] … [ . e g a f o s r a e y s e c r u o s e r h tl a e h d n a l a i c o s f o n o it p m u s n o c e h t o t e u d s e i r t n u o

c (5,6)_.

t n e r e f f i d e h t f o e g d e l w o n k e h t g n i s s e r d d a s e i d u t s l a r e v e s s w o h s e r u t a r e t i L c i n o r h c , s e m o r d n y s c i r t a i r e g e k il n o n e m o n e h p g n i g a e h t f o s t c e p s a f o n o it a z i r o l a v r o k s i r d n a , y t i c a p a c l a n o it c n u f e l p o e p d l o , s e i g o l o h t a p e l p o e p y l r e d l e n i s e i c n e d n e p e

d (7-12)_.

s i e c n e r e f e r h tl a e h r i e h t d n a s e s u o h r i e h t n i e v il ) % 5 9 ( e l p o e p y l r e d l e t s o M n i k n il t n a t r o p m i n a s i e r a c y r a m i r P . m a e t y r a n il p i c s i d it l u m e r a c y r a m i r p e h t y ll a i c e p s e , e l p o e p t n e d n e p e d f o s m e l b o r p f o n o it u l o s e r d n a p u -w o ll o f e h t e m o h t a d e d n e t t a e b d l u o h s o h w e s o h

t (13)_._[_…_]

(7)

On t he one hand, as show n in t his ex am ple,

t h e accu m u l at i o n o f st u d i es t h at “ say so m et h i n g ”

r elat ed t o t h e st u dy in qu est ion is n ot su f f icien t t o

include t hem if t his has not been based on ev aluat ion.

On t h e ot h er h an d , t h e q u alit at iv e an aly sis of t h is

par agr aph cannot answ er any of t he quest ions ask ed

in lit er at ur e( 13). We can ar gue, as one of t he r efer ees

i n t h e f i r st v e r si o n o f t h i s a r t i cl e d i d , t h a t w h a t

S w a l e s( 4 ) p r o p o s e d c a n a l s o b e d o n e w i t h t h e

Van cou v er m odel. I n deed, bu t on ly in t h eor y, sin ce

i n p r a ct i ce o n e t e n d s t o r e d u ce t h e p a r t o f t h e

pr ev ious lit er at ur e ev aluat ion t o a m inim um . A dir ect

q u o t at i o n , as su g g est ed b y Cam p an ar i o( 2 ), sh o u l d

som eh ow inv olv e t h e cit ed au t h or, t h ou g h it is n ot

alw ay s p ossib le if on e d oes n ot ex p licit ly m en t ion

t he aut hor, w hich happens in bot h m odels. Consider

t he follow ing ex am ple in w hich t he Vancouver m odel

is used, a dir ect quot at ion w it h page indicat ion fr om

t he j our nal Online Br az J Nur s( 14).

“ Car ef u l r ead in g of select ed ar t icles p er m it t ed

t o select infor m at ion r elat ed t o t he concept s of

ad m in ist r at ion of n u r sin g car e f ocu sed on t h e

r ef er en ce o f t h e co m p l ex i t y p a r a d i g m , w h i ch

w er e subm it t ed t o cont ent analysis and t hen m ain

i d e a s a n d / o r r e f e r e n c e c a t e g o r i e s w e r e

ex t r act ed( 6 ). Con t en t an aly sis aim s t o log ically

i n f e r t h e s e m e s s a g e s w i t h j u s t i f i c a t i o n ,

com plem ent ing and v alidat ing t he int er pr et at ion

r e su l t s. Th i s p r o ce ss “ co n si st s o f cl a ssi f y i n g

elem ent s in different folders, est ablishing an order

of subj ect s w hich depend on t he choice of crit eria

for classificat ion( 7: 364) ” ( 14).

As can b e ob ser v ed , t h e p ag e f ol l ow s t h e

cit at ion num ber ( 7: 364) and r efer s t o an ar t icle fr om

it s bibliogr aphy. How ev er, t his int er est ing innov at ion

does not appear in t he Vancouver for m , w hich show s

t hat , one can do it , w hich in t urn leads t o t he quest ion

about t he possibilit y of incor por at ing t his m odel int o

t h e pr ev iou s ex am ple( 1 2 ). Th e ar t icle cit ed abov e( 1 4 )

besides indirect quot at ions, cont ains anot her 17 dir ect

q u o t a t i o n s, a l t h o u g h n o n e o f t h e n a m e s o f t h e i r

r espect ive aut hor s appear. I t is w or t h point ing out , as

did Sk elt on( 1 5 ), t h at t h er e w as a pr ocess in m edical

research w here “ people got lost ”, m ent ioning t he fact

t o t he det r im ent of t he aut hor. On t he ot her hand, t he

use of am biguous ver bs and expr essions, such as “ t o

i n d i ca t e ” , “ t o su g g e st ”, “ w h o k n o w s” , “ p e r h a p s”,

“ possibly”, and “ pr obably”, one m aint ains an unst eady

and t em por ar y at t it ude, at t he sam e t im e as one avoids

going “ beyond t he evidence”, as suggest ed by Skelt on

e Edw ar ds( 16).

Un f o r t u n a t e l y, a ca d e m i c w r i t i n g m a n u a l s

dev ot e lit t le space t o pr ev ious r ev iew and ev aluat ion

of lit er at u r e, a sect ion con sid er ed essen t ial in t h e

present at ion of scient ific st udies. Granj el et al.( 17) are

ver y explicit and dedicat e chapt er s t o t he access and

t r eat m ent of bibliography infor m at ion. How ev er, t hey

im pose lim it s t o t he int roduct ion sect ion since, as t hey

ar g u e, i t i s n o t a p l ace t o i n f o r m “ t h e co n t en t o f

r esear ch bu t a place t o in for m t h e st u dy obj ect iv es

and claim s” ( our t r anslat ion)( 17). Nor m an( 18) on t he ot her

hand, uses only one par agr aph t o indicat e t hat a good

int roduct ion should only include necessary inform at ion

and r efer ences, pr esent ed in a logical or der, t o j ust ify

t he st udy, and t hat t he int r oduct ion is not t he place t o

r eview t he lit er at ur e or t o show how m uch t he aut hor

k n ow s ab ou t t h e su b j ect . Th is lit t le in f or m at ion is

u n d er st an d ab l e si n ce t h i s m an u al m ai n l y an sw er s

gr am m at ical aspect s of scient ific r esear ch in English.

How ev er, bot h m an u als fav or t h e pu blicat ion of any

lit er at ur e r ev iew m or e or less com pr ehensiv e in t he

so- called r ev iew ar t icles. Day( 1 9 ), in t u r n , h igh ligh t s

t he fact t hat a lit er at ure r eview should be “ exhaust ive

an d ap p r op r iat e”, t h at is, it sh ou ld con t r ib u t e t o a

bet t er under st anding of t he cont ext in w hich our ow n

st u d y h as b een st r u ct u r ed . “ No r esear ch er – say s

D a y( 1 9 ) – c a n i n v e s t i g a t e a p r o b l e m w i t h o u t

u n d er st an d i n g t h e co n t ex t ” an d , f o r t h at , a g o o d

l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w sh o u l d b e i n cl u d e d . I n p r e v i o u s

r esear ch( 2 0 ), follow ing t he Sw ales’ m odel, t he ar t icle

st r u ct u r e t h a t d i r e ct l y a d d r e sse s t h e n e e d f o r a

l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w r e l a t e d t o t h e st u d y i t se l f w a s

p r esen t ed t h r ou g h f ou r con cr et e in f or m at iv e u n it s:

( i) reference t o previous research, ( ii) t o it s lim it at ions,

( iii) t o t he adv ant ages of t he r esear ch it self and ( iv )

h ow t h is in v est igat ion is a con t in u at ion of pr ev iou s

r esear ch( 2 0 ). For t h at , ev alu at ion is n eeded an d n ot

sim ply m echanically repeat ing w hat ot her researchers

h a v e s a i d ; a s D a y a d v i s e s , “ Ev a l u a t e – d o n ’ t

r egur git at e” ( 19).

FI NAL CONSI DERATI ONS

The nur sing pr ofession has gr eat ly developed

in r ecen t y ear s. I t is n o lon g er con sid er ed a m er e

t e ch n i ca l v o ca t i o n o r a si m p l e o ccu p a t i o n t o b e

c o m p a r e d t o l a w , m e d i c i n e o r p e d a g o g y.

Consequent ly, sever al nur sing j our nals hav e becom e

influent ial publicat ions w orldw ide in t he area of healt h

(8)

I t is clear t h at t h e ev iden t dev elopm en t of

r esear ch in t he nur sing ar ea has fav or ed changes in

t h e u se of on e of t h e m odels. Hen ce, in t h e Un it ed

St a t e s f o r i n st a n ce , w h i ch a l r e a d y h a v e y e a r s o f

g r ad u at e n u r sin g r esear ch , m an y of t h e im p or t an t

j our nals ( see Table 3 ) hav e significant ly w or k ed out

of t h e b iom ed ical ar ea an d p u b lish ed accor d in g t o

t he APA m odel. I t is pr ecisely because of t his r eason

t hat sim ilar change is ex pect ed in t he pr oduct ion of

r e s e a r c h b a s e d o n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f n u r s i n g

under gr aduat e and gr aduat e pr ogr am s, especially in

co u n t r i e s l i k e Sp a i n a n d Br a zi l , w h e r e sci e n t i f i c

d e v e l o p m e n t r e p r e s e n t s a c r u c i a l f a c t o r i n

pr ofessional and social adv ancem ent( 2 1 ). On t he one

h a n d , t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f n u r s i n g s c h o o l s t o

u n i v e r si t i e s i s a r e l a t i v e l y r e ce n t f a ct . Th i s l a t e

in cor p or at ion on ly r ecen t ly en cou r ag ed r esear ch at

doct or al an d post doct or al lev el. On t h e ot h er h an d,

t h e d ef i n i t i v e i n co r p o r at i o n o f u n d er g r ad u at e an d

p o st g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m s, w h i ch a r e i n a p er i o d o f

ex per im en t at ion an d ch an ges, especially in Eu r ope,

sh o u l d d e f i n i t e l y e n co u r a g e t h e g e n e r a l i za t i o n o f

r esear ch am ong nur sing pr ofessionals. This has been

one of t he m ain r easons r esear ch gr oups, m ainly in

t he nur sing ar ea, ar e not as num er ous as one w ould

desir e. I n an ar t icle addr essin g pu blicat ion s r elat ed

t o h e a l t h , Pa r a j e e t a l .( 2 2 ) a n a l y z e d t h e g l o b a l

pr odu ct ion of ar t icles in t h e ar ea an d Spain w as in

t he t ent h place. The im plem ent at ion of under gr aduat e

pr ogr am s, accor ding t o t he Eur opean Union guidelines,

should enhance r esear ch gr oups, as w ell as pr oj ect s

p r esen t ed a n d a p p r o v ed b y t h e Mi n i st r y, a n d t h e

publicat ion of ar t icles in j our nals of im pact .

I n a n ed i t o r i a l n o t e i n t h e Ga c Sa n i t a r i a,

Fer nández and Plasència( 23) addr ess r eader s and ask

at t he sam e t im e: “ can w e count on y our cit at ions as

w ell?” w it h w h ich t h ey g iv e, on ce m or e, ex cessiv e

em phasis t o t he im por t ance of m ut ual cit at ion so as

t o incr ease t he r espect iv e im pact index . I t is t hought

t h at n u r sin g , p oor ly r ep r esen t ed in com m it t ees of

n a t i o n a l r e s e a r c h , s h o u l d s o m e h o w p r o p o s e a

differ ent m odel t o v alue published w or k s and pr om ot e

h i g h er q u a l i t y p u b l i ca t i o n s. I t i s n o t su f f i ci en t t o

com p lain w h en on e is p er son ally af f ect ed b ecau se

on e’s r esear ch h as n ot b een sat i sf act or i l y v al u ed .

On e st e p f u r t h e r i s n e ce ssa r y a n d i t i s a ch i e v e d

t h r o u g h t h e en co u r a g em en t o f m o r e i n d ep en d en t

w or k g r ou p s. Nu r sin g act iv it y f r eq u en t ly sees it self

dilut ed in lar ger gr oups, r elat ed or not t o hospit als,

but because t hey belong t o a concr et e unit , t hey ar e

u su al l y su b j ect t o a w o r k st y l e an d can n o t say a

w or d so as t o giv e a nur sing t ouch w hich r esear ch in

t h is ar ea r eq u ir es.

Af t e r t h e d i f f i cu l t i e s f a ce d i n t h e n u r si n g

p r of ession r elat ed t o t h e m ed ical cat eg or y, it d oes

not seem adequat e t hat nur sing publishes in a cer t ain

w ay b ecau se t h is w as d et er m in ed in a m eet in g of

edit or s of m edical j our nals in Vancouver ( Canada) . I t

is t h ou g h t t h at , g iv en it s id iosy n cr asy, m u ch m or e

or ien t ed t o sociolog y t h an t o b iom ed icin e, n u r sin g

sh ou ld t ak e a t u r n f or it s ow n m et h od of r esear ch

an d p u b l i cat i o n st y l e. Ho w ev er, r eg ar d l ess o f t h i s

r ea so n , w h i ch b y i t sel f w o u l d su f f i ce, o n e h a s t o

under st and t hat t he alt er nat iv e APA is m or e r eliable

in cit at ion s an d g iv es cr ed it t o w h om d eser v es it ,

besides being m ore accessible in t erm s of bibliographic

r ecov er y. I n ot her w or ds, Vancouver seem s t o fav or

quant it y in t he sam e w ay APA int r oduces qualit at iv e

elem ent s in relat ion t o t he evaluat ion of t he m ent ioned

r ef er en ces.

REFERENCES

1. I nt er nat ional Com m it t ee of Medical Jour nal Edit or s ( 1988) .

Unifor m r equir em ent s for m anuscr ipt s subm it t ed t o biom edical

j ou r n als. An n I n t er n Med 1 9 8 8 ; 1 0 8 : 2 5 8 - 6 5 .

2.Cam panar io JM. Cit at ion analy sis. En: Feat her J, St ur ges

P, ed i t o r s. I n t er n at i o n al En cy cl o p ed i a o f I n f o r m at i o n an d

Libr ar y Science. 2ª ed. London: Rout ledge; 2003. p. 76- 8.

3 . Pi q u é An g o r d a n s J, Po st eg u i l l o S. Or g a n i za ci ó n d e l a

b i b l i o g r a f ía , c i t a s d i r e c t a s , n o t a s , a p é n d i c e s y

a g r a d e ci m i e n t o s. En : Fo r t a n e t I , co o r d e n a d o r e s. Có m o

escr ibir un ar t ículo de inv est igación en inglés. Madr id: Alianza;

2 0 0 2 . p . 1 8 0 - 2 0 9 .

4.Swales JM, Feak CB. English in Today’s Resear ch Wor ld: A

Wr it ing Guide. Ann Ar bor : The Univ er sit y of Michigan Pr ess;

2 0 0 0 .

5 . D OAJ - D i r ect o r y o f Op en Access Jo u r n al s [ I n t er n et ] .

Jo u r n a l s Ex p a n d S u b j e c t Tr e e . [ a c e s s M a y 1 3 2 0 0 8 ] .

Av ailab le f r om : h t t p : / / w w w . d oaj . or g / d oaj ?f u n c= su b j ect & c

p i d = 2 3

6 . Or t s Cor t és MI , Rich ar d Mar t ín ez M, Cab r er o Gar cía J.

Fact or de im pact o en las r evist as de enfer m er ía. Enfer m Clín

2 0 0 2 ; 1 2 ( 6 ) : 2 6 6 - 7 2 .

7. Gálvez Tor o A, Hueso Mont or o C, Am escua M. I ndicador es

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