COMMUNI TY HELPI NG SERVI CES: DYNAMI C OF
FORMATI ON AND EXPRESSI VENESS OF THE CULTURAL CARE
Fát im a Luna Pinheir o Landim1
Landim FLP. Com m unit y helping ser v ices: dy nam ic of for m at ion and ex pr essiveness of t he cult ur al car e. Rev Lat in o- am En fer m agem 2 0 0 6 n ov em br o- dezem br o; 1 4 ( 6 ) : 9 3 0 - 8 .
Com m unit y helping services is an expression used by t he social m ovem ent s t o designat e fam ilies t hat liv e in shack s inst alled in a public ar ea int ended for building of ow n house at a com m unit y helping sy st em . St udies in et hnonursing t hat aim ed: in order t o det ail dynam ic configurat ion in a com m unit y helping service. I t t ook place in an com m unit y helping area locat ed in t he out skirt s of Fort aleza, Ceará. The com m unit y m em bers act ing as gener al infor m ant s fr om t he local cult ur e, w hile eight ( 8) w om en heads- of- fam ilies, w or king as key infor m er s. The dat a collect used t he Obser v at ion- Par t icipat ion- Reflect ion Model. The analy ses w er e pr ocessing by t h e t im e t h at t h e dat es w er e collect ed, con sider in g t h e cat egor ies: in ser t in g in t h e com m u n it y h elpin g cult ure t o obt ain t heir hist ory; com m unit y helping is not a slum - describing t he form at ion dynam ic. Est ablished t hat t he form at ion dynam ic of t he com m unit y helping go on t he ow n house represent at ion as a sym bol of “ a bet t er life” . To assim ilat e such expression int roducing in own cult ural universe is a challenge for t he nursing t o assist a car e cult ur e congr uent .
DESCRI PTORS: com m unit y healt h nur sing; public policies; consum er par t icipat ion
COMUNI DAD MUTI RANTE: DI NÂMI CA DE FORMACI ÓN Y
EXPRESI VI DAD DEL CUI DADO CULTURAL
Com unidad “ m ut ir ant e” es una expr esión ut ilizada por los m ovim ient os sociales par a designar fam ilias que habit an bar r acas inst aladas en t er r eno público dest inado a la const r ución com unit ar ia de las casas que esas fam ilias habit arán. Est udio en et noenferm agem , que t uvo com o obj et ivo: describir la dinám ica de form ación de una com unidad m ut ir ant e. Fue r ealizado en un ár ea de const r ucción com unit ar ia localizada en la per ifer ia de For t aleza- Cear á- Br asil. Los m iem br os de la com unidad act uar on com o infor m ant es gener ales de la cult ur a local, m ien t r as q u e och o m u j er es j ef es d e f am ilia f u er on in f or m an t es llav e. La colect a d e d at os u t ilizó el m odelo de Obser v ación- Par t icipación- Reflej a. Los análises fuer on siendo pr ocesados al m ism o t iem po en que los dat os fueron colect ados, considerando las cat egorías: I nsert ándose en la cult ura m ut irant e para obt ener su hist oria; Com unidad m ut irant e no es favela- describiendo la dinám ica de form ación. Se const at ó que la dinám ica de for m ación de la com unidad m ut ir ant e pasa por la r epr esent ación de la casa pr opia com o sím bolo de “ una v ida m ej or ” . Asim ilar t al r epr esent ación, int r oduciéndola en el pr opio univ er so cult ur al es un desafío par a la enfer m er ía pr est ar um cuidado cult ur alm ent e congr uent e.
DESCRI PTORES: enfer m er ía en salud com unit ar ia; polít icas públicas; par t icipación com unit ar ia
COMUNI DADE MUTI RANTE: DI NÂMI CA DE FORMAÇÃO
E EXPRESSI VI DADE DO CUI DADO CULTURAL
Com u n id ad e m u t ir an t e é ex p r essão u t ilizad a p elos m ov im en t os sociais p ar a d esig n ar f am ílias q u e habit am barracos inst alados em t erreno público dest inado à const rução da casa própria em sist em a de m ut irão. Est e é um est udo em et noenferm agem , que obj et ivou à descrever a dinâm ica de form ação de um a com unidade m ut ir ant e, r ealizado num a ár ea de m ut ir ão localizada na per ifer ia de For t aleza, Cear á, Br asil. Os m em br os da com u n id ad e at u ar am com o in f or m an t es g er ais d a cu lt u r a local, en q u an t o oit o m u lh er es ch ef es d e f am ília at u ar am com o in for m an t es- ch av e. A colet a de dados u t ilizou o m odelo de Obser v ação- Par t icipação- Reflex a. As an álises for am se pr ocessan do n o t em po em qu e os dados er am colet ados, con sider an do as cat egor ias: inserindo- se na cult ura m ut irant e para obt er sua hist ória; com unidade m ut irant e não é favela - descrevendo a d in âm ica d e f or m ação. Con st at ou - se q u e a d in âm ica d e f or m ação d a com u n id ad e m u t ir an t e p assa p ela r epr esent ação da casa pr ópr ia com o sím bolo de “ um a vida m elhor ” . Assim ilar t al r epr esent ação, int r oduzindo-a no pr ópr io univ er so cult ur oduzindo-al é desoduzindo-afio poduzindo-ar oduzindo-a enfer m oduzindo-agem , pr est oduzindo-ando cuidoduzindo-ado cult ur oduzindo-alm ent e congr uent e.
DESCRI TORES: enfer m agem em saúde com unit ár ia; polít icas públicas; par t icipação com unit ár ia
1
M.Sc. in Collect ive Healt h Nursing, PhD in Nursing. Adj unct Professor 6, Fort aleza Universit y, e- m ail: llunna@t erra.com .br
I NTRODUCTI ON
U
nder t he aegis of t he need for housing( 1- 2),f am ilies ad v en t u r e t h em selv es in t o t h e lim it s an d
p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f a p r o p o s a l t h a t c a n m e a n g r e a t
suffering, losses and regret but , m ainly, t hat evidences
t he possibilit y t hat a person will break wit h everyt hing
t hat seeks t o deny int elligence and t he nat ural abilit y
t o t ak e car e of oneself and deliv er car e( 3), w it h t he
f r e e d o m a n d a u t o n o m y ch a r a ct e r i st i c o f h u m a n
beings( 4- 5).
Th i s a r t i c l e r e s u l t s f r o m t h e D o c t o r a l
d isser t at ion( 6 ) in Nu r sin g d ev elop ed b y on e of t h e
aut hors, w hich w as concluded in 2001. As a doct oral
st udent and m em ber of t he Fam ily: t eaching, research
a n d e x t e n s i o n ( FA M EP) g r o u p , a t t h e N u r s i n g
Depart m ent of t he School of Pharm acy, Dent ist ry and
Nu r sin g, sh e led a Scien t if ic I n it iat ion gr an t h older
an d u n d er g r ad u at e st u d en t s in act iv it ies in v olv in g
fam ilies, besides com posing a m ult idisciplinar y t eam
t o accom pany groups of fem ale fam ily heads in healt h
edu cat ion act iv it ies( 7 ). Th e f am ilies w er e par t of an
agglom er at e( 8 ), liv ing in shack s inst alled in a public
com m unit y helping area reserved t o const ruct houses.
This housing condit ion incurred a part icular t reat m ent
form and com m unit y leaders referred t o t hese fam ilies
as “ shack dw eller s” or “ com m unit y helping” fam ilies.
Th i s g r o u p o f f a m i l i e s g a v e r i s e t o t h e
e x p r e ssi o n Co m u n i d a d e Mu t i r a n t e, w h i ch m e a n s Com m u n it y Helpin g Ser v ices. Bot h ex pr ession s, i. e.
com m u n it y h elp in g f am ily an d com m u n it y h elp in g services were used in t his art icle whenever we needed t o r efer t o t hose specified phenom ena.
A l t h o u g h n o t r e g i s t e r e d i n B r a z i l i a n
Po r t u g u e s e r e f e r e n c e w o r k s , i n Po r t u g a l a n d
Por t uguese- speak ing count r ies, t he t er m “ m ut irant e”,
in t he absence of a bet t er connot at ion, is widely used
in social m ov em ent s’ j ar gon, par t icular ly in housing
m o t t o s b y p o p u l ar cl asses i n t h e St at e o f Cear á,
locat ed in t h e Nor t h east of Br azil. Con sid er in g t h e
d i ach r o n y o f l an g u ag e, l ex i co l o g i st s w i l l cer t ai n l y
include t he ex pr ession int o differ ent r efer ence w or k ,
so t h at w e w ill u se t o w h ile an ot h er ex p r ession is
lacking, wait ing for t his fact t o occur.
Th e fam ilies’ pat ien ce an d det er m in at ion t o
conquer a house t o live in st ood out , arousing int erest
in dev elopin g r esear ch based on j oin t ex per ien ces,
o b ser v a t i o n a n d r eco r d i n g o f t est i m o n i es, a m o n g
which we highlight t he following st at em ent by a fem ale
fam ily head, in t he ear ly m om ent s of t he r esear ch:
...everyt hing I had I exchanged for t his old shack, I sm ashed m yself in wit h m y children ( ...) t here are m osquit oes, it ’s cheap, t here are rat s walking over us at night ( ...) but I could eit her do t hat or lose t he house in here...( M, Mut irant e) .
The sy st em at ic follow - up in t his com m unit y
allowed us t o const ruct t he synt hesis of t hese fam ilies’
h ist or y / t r aj ect or y u n t il t h ey ar r iv ed in t h e sh ack s.
These fam ilies consist of wom en who represent a large
part of Brazilian societ y which, as t hey do not m anage
t o o v er co m e m a t er i a l p o v er t y a n d so ci o eco n o m i c
l i m i t a t i o n s( 9 ), a r e a t t r a ct e d b y t h e p o ssi b i l i t y o f
conquer ing a space and, t oget her w it h ot her fam ilies
in t he sam e sit uat ion, build t heir houses t hrough t he
com m u n it y h elp in g sy st em . I t w as t h ese f am ilies’
st andard of behavior t hat m ot ivat ed t he developm ent
of t h is st u dy, w it h t h e follow in g obj ect iv e: descr ibe
t h e con f igu r at ion dy n am ics of a com m u n it y h elpin g
ser v i ce.
This ar t icle is r elev ant because it ev idences
t he ext ent t o which t he cult ure t hat gives rise t o t he
com m unit y helping ser v ices em er ges as an unk now n
challenge t o all knowledge areas. I n nursing, it s st udy
is par t icu lar ly n ecessar y in or der t o gu ar an t ee car e
i n c o n g r u e n c e w i t h l o c a l p r a c t i c e s , a r t i c u l a t i n g
solidar it y and healt h( 10).
METHODOLOGY
Th is et h n on u r sin g st u d y w as d ev elop ed in
v iew of t he phases of t he obser v at ion, par t icipat ion
a n d r ef l ect i o n m o d el ( O- P- R- Mo d el ) d escr i b ed b y
Leininger( 11). This m odel is r ecom m ended because it
ca n f a v o r r e se a r ch e r s’ e n t r y a n d p e r m a n e n ce i n
cult ur es differ ent fr om t heir ow n, in or der t o obt ain
infor m at ion fr om people’s daily liv es.
Dat a were collect ed during alm ost t wo years,
f r om Jan u ar y 2 0 0 0 t o Au gu st 2 0 0 1 . I n t h is per iod,
t he aut hor was insert ed in a com m unit y of about 400
fam ilies, inst alled in a locat ion donat ed by t he Municipal
Gov er n m en t of For t aleza- Cear á- Br azil t o con st r u ct
p o p u l ar h o u ses i n acco r d i n g w i t h t h e Co m m u n i t y
Helping Pr ogr am for Habit at ion.
I n t h e m o d e l ’ s o b se r v a t i o n - p a r t i ci p a t i o n
p h a s e , a l l f a m i l y m e m b e r s a c t e d a s g e n e r a l
infor m ant s about local cult ur e. Key infor m ant s w er e
eigh t w om en , w h o w er e ch osen becau se t h ey w er e
com m u n it y leader s.
Hom e visit( 12) was t he st rat egy used t o reveal
in t er act ion w it h t h e com m u n it y sph er e t h ey u su ally
live in. Moreover, t his represent ed an act ual opport unit y
t o m ak e ou r selv es k n ow n an d accept ed, st ar t in g t o
shar e t heir daily r ealit y.
Once insert ed in t he com m unit y and accept ed
b y t h e f am ily g r ou p , w e in it iat ed t h e r esear ch b y
ob ser v in g an d list en in g , in or d er t o g et a g en er al
im p r ession an d d escr ib e t h e p r ed om in an t cu lt u r e.
Du r in g f ield act iv it ies, w e st ar t ed t o in t er act w it h
people an d obser v e t h eir an sw er s. Th e obser v at ion
a n d i n t e r a ct i o n p r o ce ss g r a d u a l l y b e ca m e m o r e
int ense, rising on t he scale of fam iliarizat ion wit h t he
cu l t u r al co n t ex t u n t i l p ar t i ci p an t o b ser v at i o n w as
ch ar act er ized( 1 1 ).
I n t h i s r e se a r ch p h a se , t h e e t h n o g r a p h i c
in t er v iew( 1 3 ) w as applied, based on t h e select ion of
t h em es t h at al l o w ed i n f o r m an t s t o d escr i b e t h ei r
t raj ect ory unt il t heir arrival at t he com m unit y service
locat ion, in dept h and in t heir own way: t he hist ory of
t heir inser t ion in t he com m unit y helping ser v ices for
housing proposal and t he dynam ics of t he com m unit y’
est ablishm ent . I t w as t he degr ee of int er act ion t hat
char act er ized, in our per spect iv e, t he ex act m om ent
w h en t h e in f or m an t s w er e st im u lat ed t o n at u r ally
ex t er nalize w hat w e r equest ed in t he int er v iew .
Dat a analy sis occur r ed at t he sam e t im e as
dat a appr ehension, in accor dance w it h t he r efer ence
f r a m e w o r k o f e t h n o n u r s i n g , t h a t i s , d u r i n g t h e
observat ion and int eract ion process. This analysis was
i n t e n si f i e d i n t h e r e f l e ct i o n p h a se o f t h e O- P-
R-m odel( 11). The reflect ion or reflexive observat ion phase
w a s r e a l i ze d co n t i n u o u sl y, r e l a t i n g t o t h e o t h e r
research m om ent as a way of confirm ing ( or rej ect ing)
infor m at ion capt ur ed dur ing t he int er act ions.
RESULTS AND DI SCUSSI ON
Get t ing inser t ed in t he com m unit y helping cult ur e t o
obt ain t heir hist or y
Th e ex i st en ce o f p r ev i o u s co n t act s, w h en
accom pany ing Scient ific I nit iat ion gr ant holder s and
nur sing st udent s in com m unit y v isit s, as w ell as t he
r ealizat ion of healt h educat ion act ions and act iv it ies
in v olv in g t h e f em ale f am ily h ead s, ch ar act er ized a
pecu liar w ay of in ser t ion in t o t h e r esear ch cu lt u r e.
This w as facilit at ed by t he fam ilies’ full accept ance,
w hich no longer saw us as out siders.
Alt hough m arked by opport unit y, it could not
b e f or g ot t en t h at t h is t y p e of social g r ou p in g , t h e
“ t r i b es”( 1 4 ), p r i v i l eg es t h e co l l ect i v e sp i r i t a n d i t s
m echanism of belonging. No m at t er in w hat dom ain
t he infor m at ion had t o be accessed, par t icipat ion in
t h i s sp i r i t w as n ecessar y, w h o se au t h en t i ci t y w as
co n f i r m e d o r d e n i e d b y t h e l e v e l o f a cce p t a n ce
-r ej ect i o n o f t h e co m m u n i t y ’s d i f f e-r en t i n t eg -r at i o n
r it u als.
I n daily life, r it u als ar e alw ay s n eeded an d
i m p or t an t t o con st r u ct a g r ou p ’s cu l t u r al i d en t i t y,
in d ep en d en t ly of t h is g r ou p ’s d u r at ion( 1 4 - 1 5 ). I n t h e
c o m m u n i t y h e l p i n g s e r v i c e , t h e r e w e r e a l m o s t
i m p er cep t i b l e r i t u al s f o r r ecei v i n g an d w el co m i n g
( out siders) in it s cult ure: one exam ple was t he “ bingo
of used product s”, prom ot ed by fam ilies and allow ing
“ o u t si d er s” t o p ar t i ci p at e. Ot h er r i t u al s h el p ed t o
const ruct socialit y( 15) it self and referred t o t he hist ory
of f ig h t in g , of con q u er in g p ow er sp aces in sid e t h e
com m u n it y. Th ese sh ou ld n ot be u n der est im at ed or
t r ansgr essed by t he r esear cher s, in v iew of t he r isk
of no longer being accept ed.
Af t er som e t im e, d u r in g w h ich in t er act ion s
h appen ed, t h e ex per ien ce of bein g in cor por at ed by
t he com m unit y and ext ract ing inform at ion from it was
accom panied by discov er ies t hat could be and w er e
clearly delim it ed by t he invisible powers t hat act ed t o
est ablish rules for t he com m unit y’s funct ioning( 16). We
soon discovered t hat going beyond t hese lim it s would
n o t b e e a s y, t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e y p u t t h e
m aint enance of t hese pow ers at risk; in t his respect ,
w e w er e being wat ched ever y day by “ appoint er s”.
Ap p oin t er w as t h e ex p r ession u sed am on g
com m u n it y h elp in g ser v ice f am ilies t o d esig n at e a
s p e c i f i c r o l e b o a r d m e m b e r s p l a y e d w i t h i n t h e
com m unit y house const r uct ion act iv it ies. Hence, t he
ch ar act er of ap p oin t er, as t h e p er son w h o h ad t h e
pow er t o appoint a t ask t o som eone, w as pr esent in
d i f f er en t si t u a t i o n s i n si d e t h e co m m u n i t y. At t h e
con st r u ct ion sit es, it w as t h e ap p oin t er w h o m ad e
r ecor ds, appoin t in g w or k er s w h o w er e m issin g an d
should com pensat e for t he work day, at risk of being
passed ov er w hen houses w ould be deliv er ed.
Thus, w e concluded t hat it w as not enough
j ust t o ent er t he com m unit y and be accept ed by t he
f a m i l i e s. To g e t a cce ss t o i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e
dy nam ics of t he com m unit y housing ser v ice, as w ell
as about t he part icipat ory funct ioning m ode ( fam
ou r im p air t h is access( 1 3 ) - in clu siv ely b y ob lig in g
fam ilies, w h ich depen ded on t h eir leader s’ con sen t /
co m p l i ci t y t o co n t i n u e l i v i n g i n t h e sh a ck o n t h e
com m unit y helping sit e.
N e x t , n e g o t i a t i o n s o c c u r r e d t o o b t a i n
‘p er m ission ’. Th is sear ch cen t er ed on p er son s w h o
would legit im ize t hat access and, also, t he researchers’
pr esen ce in t h e f ield, as su ch - a t r u e ou t lin in g of
sm all p ow er p oin t s w it h in t h e com m u n it y r elat ion s
n e t w o r k ( s o c i e t y l e a d e r, v i c e - l e a d e r, s e c r e t a r y,
t r easu r er, su p p or t er, am on g ot h er s) : “ Sab er q u ién
t i en e el p o d er d e f aci l i t ar o b l o q u ear el acceso o
q u ién es se con sid er an o son con sid er ad os p or los
d em ás com o p oseed or es d e la au t or id ad su f icien t e
par a gar ant izar o r echazar el acceso es, sin lugar a
d u d a s, u n a sp ect o f u n d a m en t a l d el co n o ci m i en t o
sociológico del cam po”( 13).
Th e f act t h at w e w er e n u r ses w h o sh ow ed
t h ey w er e in t er est ed in act in g on t h ose com m u n it y
problem s relat ed t o our area, and in building a bridge
bet w een t he com m unit y and t he local healt h service,
w as convenient t o t he leader s, w ho m anipulat ed t his
con dit ion t o t h eir ben efit ; w h en ou r pr esen ce cou ld
be relat ed t o t hese leaders’ influence/ bargaining power
w it h inst ances out side t he com m unit y.
Mor eover, t he above m ent ioned fact st r ongly
influenced t he qualit y of t he accessed inform at ion, as
w ell as t he int ent t o guar ant ee t he pr ot ect ion of our
p h y si cal an d m o r al i n t eg r i t y, co n si d er i n g t h at w e
n e e d e d t o e n t e r, m o v e a r o u n d a n d l e a v e t h e
c o m m u n i t y d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e y e a r o f s t u d y.
Co m m u n i t y m e m b e r s t h e m s e l v e s a s s u m e d t h i s
p r o t e c t i o n , o f f e r i n g s t r a t e g i e s t o a v o i d a n y
harassm ent . Ant hropologist s( 13) already previewed t hat
t his kind of prot ect ion could be achieved by recurring
t o social r elat ionship and fr iendship net w or k s.
Com m u n it y h elp in g is n ot a slu m - d escr ib in g t h e
f or m at ion dy n am ics
Our descript ion st art s wit h one of t he phrases
fam ilies in t he r esear ch com m unit y m ost fr equent ly
m ent ioned: We ar en’t slum dw eller s! The fr equency at which t his phrase was repeat ed and t he ardor used
t o pr on ou n ce it can be j u st ified by t h e h ist or y t h at
gav e r ise t o com m unit y helping ser v ices.
I n t he specific case of t he st udy com m unit y,
i t s o r i g i n s g o b a c k t o f o u r ( 0 4 ) n e i g h b o r h o o d
a sso ci a t i o n s: Asso ci a çã o Co m u n i t á r i a No v a Vi d a , A s s o c i a ç ã o Co m u n i t á r i a d o Ja r d i m I r a c e m a ,
A s s o c i a ç ã o Co m u n i t á r i a S ã o Ra i m u n d o a n d
Associ ação Com u n i t ár i a San t a Mar i a Gor et e. Un t il Nov em b er 2 0 0 0 , t h ese associ at i on s’ h ead q u ar t er s
w e r e l o ca t e d i n d i f f e r e n t n e i g h b o r h o o d s o n t h e
out sk ir t s of For t aleza. On Nov em ber 18t h 1993, t hey
j o i n e d f o r c e s a n d c o n s t i t u t e d t h e S o c i e d a d e Com unit ár ia Habit acional Nov a Vida ( SCHNV) . Thr ee o f t h e f o u r co n st i t u e n t a sso ci a t i o n s w e r e l e d b y
w om en .
The cr eat ion of t his societ y w as a landm ar k
in t h e f or m alit ies t h at leg it im ized t h e com m u n it y ’s
h ou sin g d em an d s t o t h e Mu n icip al Gov er n m en t of
For t aleza- Cear á- Br azil. The pr oposal t o m ak e v iable
a significant num ber of fam ilies in order t o j ust ify t he
purchase of t he sit e and t he elaborat ion of t he popular
h o u s e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t p e r m i t t e d t h e u n i o n
bet w een leader s and t heir associat es. I n r esponse t o
t h eir d em an d s, t h e Mu n icip al Gov er n m en t g av e it s
appr ov al an d dest in ed a pr oj ect t o t h e SCHNV t h at
c o v e r e d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f 6 0 8 h o u s i n g u n i t s
( corresponding t o t he num ber of regist ered fam ilies) .
Co n s t r u c t i o n w o r k s w o u l d o c c u r i n p h a s e s ,
m at er ialized in a h ou sin g com p lex w it h m or e t h an
300 housing unit s. The r em ainder w ould r esult fr om
a p r o p o sa l t o b u i l d p o p u l ar h o u ses, i n w h i ch t h e
f a m i l i es’ v o l u n t a r y a d h er en ce w o u l d a l l o w f o r i t s
ex ecut ion t hr ough a com m unit y helping sy st em .
I n or der t o r egist er and becom e par t of t he
com m unit y housing proj ect , fam ilies had t o at t end t o
inclusion crit eria, priorit izing fam ilies in risk sit uat ions
as charact erized by t he St at e’s Civil Defense service,
t h ose led by w om en an d t h ose w it h m or e ch ildr en .
Reco r d s w er e al w ay s m ad e i n t h e w o m an ’s - t h e
fam ily head’s - nam e or, in her absence, in t he nam e
of t he w om an w ho assum ed t his r ole in fam ily, such
as t he grandm ot her or an older sist er - even in t hose
cases w hen a m an w as t he fam ily head.
We found t hat t his st r at egy or iginat ed fr om
t wo dist inct phenom ena. The first derived from leaders’
low educat ion level, which caused lack of underst anding
and ev en difficult y t o decode m any docum ent s t hat
const it ut ed t he pr oposal t o m ak e v iable t he housing
program s. Thus, recom m endat ions prevailed t hat had
b e e n a s s i m i l a t e d d u r i n g m a n y m e e t i n g s a n d
a s s e m b l i e s b e t w e e n t h e s e l e a d e r s a n d
r epr esent at iv es fr om inst it ut ions r esponsible for t he
im plem ent at ion of t he Pr oj ect . The idea - w hich had
gained for ce in st at ist ical dat a k ept by t he Municipal
Gov er nm ent - t hat w om en, w hen t hey ar e t he only
social group, em erged as a risk condit ion t hat should
be valued in t he regist rat ion files. I n t his respect , we
h i g h l i g h t t h e g en d er i ssu e, i . e. w h en w o m en a r e
socially r ecognized for t heir v ulner abilit y( 17).
Th e seco n d p h en o m en o n w a s m u ch m o r e
relat ed t o t he cult ure t hat would creat e, in t he fam ilies
and t heir leader s, t he belief t hat it w ill be easier for
t he fam ily t o k eep t he house if t he official usufr uct
cont ract , as well as t he final propert y docum ent , were
issued in t he w om an’s nam e.
We obser v ed t his r ealit y w hile follow ing t he
com m u n it y. Th e w om en idealized t h e h ou se as t h e
on ly m at er ial g ood t h ey cou ld g iv e t h eir ch ild r en ,
o f f e r i n g t h e m a “ b e t t e r l i f e ” t h a n t h e o n e t h e y
wit nessed. However, t he “ com plicat ed” m ale charact er
was a t hreat t hat could not be forgot t en and put t he
achievem ent of t his ideal at risk, as proved by som e
st at em ent s and doubt s revealed during cont act s: ...m y husband is com plicat ed ( ...) he drinks a lot . I ’m even scared t hat he’ll go m ad and exchange our lit t le house against a bot t le of sugarcane rum ( La, m ut irant e) ...I don’t leave m y shack because, if I do, he sells it and leaves us on t he st reet . He also t hinks he can sell t he house we’re going t o get ( D, m ut irant e) . ...t he house belongs t o m y t wo daught ers! I ’m going t o t ransfer it t o t heir nam e as soon as possible, so t hat he won’t sell it and let t hem suffer like I did when I die...( Ra, m ut irant e) .
Accor d in g t o t h e lead er s’ in f or m at ion , t h e
SCHNV’s housing const r uct ion pr oj ect w as appr ov ed
t o b e i m p l a n t ed o n t w o t r a ct s o f l a n d l o ca t ed i n
West ern Fort aleza, near t he cent re and t he indust rial
zone of Av enida Fr ancisco Sá.
A l t h o u g h n e i g h b o r i n g , t h e s i t e s w e r e
separ at ed by a lar ge lagoon, w hich also sy m bolically
delim it ed t h e leader s’ act ion ar eas. Th e dif f er en ces
in for ce/ pr essur e ex er t ed by t he com m unit y leader s
and t he part icular way each of t hem worked wit h t he
c o m m u n i t y e x e r t e d a s t r o n g i n f l u e n c e o n t h e
p r ocesses an d ev en d et er m in ed b eh av ior s t ow ar d s
t o co n st r u ct i o n t ea m ( en g i n eer, co n st r u ct i o n si t e
r e sp o n si b l e , b r i ck l a y e r s a n d a i d s) a n d Mu n i ci p a l
Go v e r n m e n t Te c h n i c i a n s ( s o c i a l w o r k e r s ,
psychologist , nurse et c) . They assim ilat ed t he leaders’
d i f f er en ces i n co m m a n d i n su ch a w a y t h a t t h ey
gradually st art ed t o acknowledge t he housing com plex
not as a unit , but as som et hing fragm ent ed, t o which
t h e y r e s p o n d e d b y i n t e n s i f y i n g t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s ,
depending on t he lev el of ur gency and dem and t he
r espect iv e leader s and t heir subor dinat es pr esent ed.
This phenom enon affect ed t he conclusion and
deliv er y t im e of t he t w o housing com plex segm ent s.
Alt h ou gh t h ey w er e par t of t h e sam e pr oj ect , t h ey
st ar t ed t o r eceiv e n am es t h at ch ar act er ized t h em
accor din g t o t h e con st r u ct ion ’s ev olu t ion an d, lat er,
t he or der in w hich t he apar t m ent k ey s w er e handed
over t o t he fam ilies. Thus, t he Conj unt o Habit acional Sant o Ant ônio da Flor est a I I, alt hough locat ed on a side of t he lagoon t hat provided easier access t o t he
indust r ial zone of Fr ancisco Sá, w as concluded about
f o u r m o n t h s a f t e r i t s c o m p l e m e n t , Co n j u n t o Habit acional Sant o Ant ônio da Flor est a I, locat ed on t he opposit e side.
Th e sit es dest in ed f or h ou sin g t h e f am ilies
cam e from t he ‘Fort aleza Municipal Governm ent Land
Fund’. During t alks wit h com m unit y leaders, we found
t h at t h e lan d h ad been pu r ch ased in 1 9 9 4 , f r om a
privat e owner, when Ant ônio Cam braia was t he m ayor.
This sit e was bought by t he m unicipal governm ent ( ...) it was bet ween 93 and 94 when we received t he land. Everyt hing here w as covered w it h bushes, but it had an ow ner ( ...) w e w ent , cont act ed t he broker, t ook it t o t he Regional Housing Sect or. Over t here, t hey discovered t hat t he owner owed a very large am ount in t errit orial t ax. They reached a set t lem ent wit h him and bought t he land in t he nam e of Sociedade Nova Vida ( T, m ut irant e leader) . ...t his land was a privat e farm . There was every possible fruit you can im agine, and a lot of weed t oo ( ...) but t here was a wire fence and a guard, who st ill lives out t here, he didn’t let anybody in ( ...) when Dr. Cam braia bought it and donat ed it t o t he Societ y ( S, m ut irant e leader) .
Th e s e s i t e s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a
p r e d o m i n a n t l y l a r g e a r e a , p u r ch a se d w i t h p u b l i c
resources. This purchase is j ust ified by t he need of a
large num ber of fam ilies, who do not have t heir own
house and st art t o disput e a place on t he sit e t o build
t he hom e t hey hav e dr eam t of.
Once t he land had been purchased, it had t o
be “ t aken care of ”. Due t o m ist aken int erpret at ions in
t he conduct ion of com m unit y helping m ovem ent s, t he
acqu isit ion of h ou sin g r igh t s in v olv ed r equ ir em en t s
t h at w ou ld oblige t h e associat ed fam ilies t o occu py
t he land, followed by t he obligat ion t o clean it , despit e
all obst acles uneven land could offer, preparing it for
const ruct ion works. As if t hat were not enough, aft er
clean in g it , t h e lan d an d an y con st r u ct ion m at er ial
placed on it had t o be warned day and night , in order
t o a v o i d r o b b e r y a n d l a n d i n v a s i o n b y o t h e r
but guarded t his as m uch as I could. I j ust was not present for a while when I got pregnant , because I was sick a lot ( ...) I wasn’t present like ( ...) I didn’t com e m yself, but I paid a person t o com e in m y place ( Re, m ut irant e) ...t his was really horrible ( ...) t here were wom en, old people, children, everybody running up and dow n t his land. When w e t ur ned our backs an inv asion happened or m at erial was st olen... ( M, m ut irant e) ...we st art ed t o take care of the site in 94, soon after we received it ( Ra, m utirante) .
The day and night surveillance t ask gave rise
t o t h e n eed for people t o get sh elt er. Th u s, sh ack s
w er e const r uct ed for r est ing or pr ot ect ion fr om r ain
and sun. Following t he exam ple of what was happening
i n o t h e r co m m u n i t y h e l p i n g se r v i ce s, r e so u r ce s
av ailable in t h e im m ediat e su r r ou n din gs w er e u sed
f o r b u i l d i n g t h e sh ack s - t h e b asi c st r u ct u r e w as
st r en gt h en ed by lar ge w ooden poles, bu t t h e sides
a n d r o o f s w e r e c o v e r e d w i t h p l a s t i c , c a n v a s ,
car d b oar d s an d r est s of old w ood en b oar d s, w h ich
t he fam ilies obt ained fr om dum pst er s. Som e of t his
m at er ial cam e f r om d on at ion s b y p r iv at e p er son s,
leader s and t he Civ il Defense Ser v ice.
Th e f am ilies sp en t m on t h s an d ev en y ear s
like t his. As t he sit uat ion rem ained undefined, wit hout
com plying w it h t erm s t o st art t he const ruct ion w orks
- and as t he possibilit y of losing t he land, which t hey
su p p osed h ad alr ead y b een con q u er ed , w as a r eal
and const ant t hr eat , t he shacks w er e not abandoned
but , on t he cont rary, st art ed t o house t he ent ire fam ily,
w hich saw m ov ing t o t he sit e as t he oppor t unit y t o
put an end t o t he const ant absence of t heir loved one
w ho had t o k eep w at ching t he land. This m ov e also
m eant an escape from t he “ punishm ent ” of rent t hese
f a m i l i es h a d b een p a y i n g o u t si d e t h e co m m u n i t y
helping service. ...t he leader select ed t he part ners t o build t he shacks. We had already been working here for a long t im e when she put 27 fam ilies, in principle, t o com e and live here t o herd t he land ( ...) exact ly fam ilies of people from Vila Olím pica, w hich w as t he neighborhood I used t o live in ( D, m ut irant e) ...aft er t he first fam ilies cam e in, shacks st art ed t o appear, shacks appeared ( ...) j ust t he m em bers, t hose who were regist ered and had t he m em bership card ( T, m ut irant e leader) .
The const r uct ion of t he shacks had t o follow
a logic in w h ich t h e m ost cen t r al ar eas of t h e sit e
w er e k ept clean. Those ar eas could not be occupied
b y sh ack s, as t h ey w er e r eser v ed f or b u ild in g t h e
p e r m a n e n t h o u s e s . H e n c e , t h e s h a c k s w e r e
const ruct ed in m ore peripheral areas of t he sit e, which
w er e g en er al l y t h e r o u g h est an d m o st su b j ect t o
inundat ions, as t hey w er e locat ed at t he m ar gins of
t he lagoon or on t he slope of a landfill t hat delim it ed
t he border of t he land: ...t he shacks were down t here. Furt her on, when people want ed t o invade t hat side, exact ly here where t he com m unit y helping houses were going t o be built , t he leader accept ed t o put m ore fam ilies in; provided t hat t hey did not int erfere wit h t he const ruct ion ( ...) when t he houses would be const ruct ed, t hey had t o em pt y t he land ( La, m ut irant e) .
Mor eov er, t he shack s had t o be const r uct ed
const ant ly, considering few resources and, hence, lit t le
spending, because t hey would have a very t em porary
f u n ct ion , t h at is, t h e f am ilies w ou ld on ly u se t h em
unt il t heir perm anent houses were const ruct ed. Thus,
t h e s h a c k s w e r e b u i l t a n d m u l t i p l i e d , a l w a y s
m ain t ain in g t h eir ex t r em ely f r agile appear an ce. For
t he leader s, t hese shack s should ser v e, and at fir st
t hey did, as a point of support t o t he people guarding
t he sit e. Aft er t he st art of t he const ruct ion works, t he
shack s could r em ain as a k ind of ‘pr iv at e shed’ t he
fam ily m em ber s - m en, w om en and childr en - could
t urn t o at t he end of each work day while building t he
h ou ses.
Over t he years, deadlines were not respect ed,
so t h a t e a ch f a m i l y f e l t t h e n e e d t o g i v e a n e w
definit ion t o t he shack, m aking it safer or expanding
it t o gu ar an t ee m or e com f or t an d at t en d t o a n ew
fam ily st ruct ure realit y; at t his point , people who got
i n t o t h e com m u n i t y h el p i n g ser v i ce al on e al r ead y
m obilized and br ought t heir ent ir e fam ily. What had
b e e n a c o u p l e a t f i r s t a l r e a d y h a d c h i l d r e n o r,
som et im es, a young m an got m arried and, as he had
n o place t o go w it h h is w ife, con t in u ed sh ar in g t h e
sh ack w it h t h e f am ily. Th u s, t h e sh ack s g r ad u ally
g ain ed a m or e p er m an en t ch ar act er, alt h ou g h t h is
procedure went against t he leaders’ int erest , who had
never st opped em phasizing t hat housing condit ion as
v er y t em p or ar y.
When t hey m oved t o t he shacks, t he fam ilies
left behind hist ories of difficult ies, such as paying, rent ,
w at er an d elect r icit y bills, bu t t h ey also left beh in d
friends, close relat ives - m any of whom got t heir own
house t hrough a sim ilar m echanism - wit h whom t hey
kept cont act t o obt ain inform at ion and help of any kind.
Besides relat ives, key persons in t he fam ily perform ed
paid w or k in t he neighbor hood, and t her e w er e also
young people who st udies and had t o get in and out of
t he com m unit y every day. All of t his was im port ant t o
m ain t ain r efer en ces, so t h at t h e fam ilies w ou ld n ot
im m ediat ely and t raum at ically lose all bonds and links
wit h t he world out side t he com m unit y helping service.
I t w as on ly ov er t h e y ear s t h at t h ese f ew
t he living condit ion im posed by t he com m unit y helping
service dynam ics, fear and social rej ect ion of t his kind
o f a g g l o m e r a t e p r e d o m i n a t e d , f a v o r i n g t h e
com m u n it y ’s isolat ion , u n em ploy m en t or dif f icu lt ies
t o get a j ob for t hose w ho w ant ed t o w or k , childr en
an d adolescen t s’ dist an cin g f r om sch ool, cau sed by
fear of gr eat v iolence and t he m ain consequence
-i n cr eased r -i sk s o f d r u g ad d -i ct -i o n , al co h o l -i sm an d
p r o m i s c u i t y . Mo t h e r s c o m p l a i n : . . . m y s o n w a s discrim inat ed against ( ...) he could not keep his j ob j ust because he gave t he address of t he com m unit y helping sit e. But I went t here! I didn’t go t here t o cause a scandal, no, I went t here t o t ell t hem t hat we live here but t hat we are not slum dwellers, no. My son is ab le. He f in ish ed secon d ar y ed u cat ion , h e t ook an inform at ics course, he’s int elligent . What t hey did by not giving m y son t he j ob was pure discrim inat ion ( ...) Aft erwards, t hey want ed t o ret ract t hem selves and called m y son t o do anot her t est . Then it was I who did not want him t o go back t here ( Lu, m ut irant e) .
Despit e all of t hese ev ent s, t he fam ilies did
not consider m oving away from t he com m unit y helping
si t e . W h e n t h e y m o v e d t h e r e , t h e y so l d a l m o st
ev er y t hing t hey had and only k ept w hat could easily
be accom m odat ed in t he new r ealit y of leav ing in a
s h a c k o f f e w s q u a r e m e t e r s . Ov e r t h e y e a r s ,
abandoning t he shack and going back t o t he life of
paying rent was t aken int o considerat ion less and less.
The fam ily head becam e unem ploy ed, got addict ed,
t h e w om an or h er h u sban d w en t aw ay an d left t h e
childr en w it h t he par t ner.
Mo r e o v e r, f a m i l i e s g r a d u a l l y l o st t h e f e w
r efer ence point s t hey had in t he ‘w or ld out t her e’
-som e fam ilies’ childr en did not k now anot her r ealit y,
t hey were born in t hat agglom erat e. There is also t he
fact t hat t hey did not accept t he idea of losing neit her
t h e m o n e y t h e y a l r e a d y i n v e st e d b y p a y i n g t h e
m em ber ship, nor t he w or k t hey had t o t ak e car e of
t he land and const r uct t heir shacks. That is how t he
fam ilies st art ed t o accept ed t hat as a perm anent way
of lif e. Giv en t h e leg it im izat ion b y con sen su s, t h e
shacks becam e accept ed as som et hing nat ural am ong
com m u n it y d w eller s, w h o f elt n o con st r ain t ab ou t
possessing t h em . St at u s w as now m easur ed by t he
locat ion of t he shack, and m yt hs were creat ed around
t his: ...I exchanged m y t elevision for a bet t er shack. I used t o live furt her down t here and t hat ’s why m y children were always ill. Now I ’m in a bet t er place, when it rains t here’s no wat er com ing in, and t here are no rat s bit ing m y boys’ t oes eit her ( Re, m ut irant e) ...look, w hen you go dow n here you j ust see m isery, you have t o get t o know it . The people are careless, all children
have fleas ( La, m ut irant e) ...from here unt il t here it ’s t he dogs’ village. That ’s how it ’s called because t hey say t hat t he people t here look like dogs, t hey’re always fight ing. Not over here. This is t he green area. People are nice here ( M, m ut irant e) .
This show s t hat t he leader s could no longer
avoid t he fam ilies’ t ransference t o t he sit e. They had
no m or e ar gum ent s t o delay t he const r uct ion w or k s
an d , as m an y f am ilies f ollow ed t h is sam e p r ocess,
m any shack s w er e const r uct ed and occupied on t he
sit e. To t he ex t ent t hat t he occupat ion advanced, in
c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h i r r e g u l a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s , t h i s
char act er ized t he condit ion of agglom er at e.
Not only t he inst allat ions ( m ost visible art ifact )
char act er ized t he ir r egular w ay s of ‘doing’ w it hin t he
l i m i t s o f t h a t co m m u n i t y h e l p i n g se r v i ce . To t h e
e x a m p l e o f w h a t h a p p e n s i n a l m o s t a l l o t h e r s ,
p osit ion s an d b eh av ior s d est in ed f or secr ecy w er e
pr esent and led t o denouncem ent s t hat t alk ed about
t he purchase and sale of ‘pieces of land’, of shacks or
ev en m em b er sh ip s t o f am ilies w h o w er e w illin g t o
accept t he est ablished condit ions and am ount s: ...t here are people around who are experiencing t his ( ...) t hey invade a piece of land here, build a shack and t hen sell it . They arrive here, in anot her com m unit y helping service, build anot her shack and sell it (...) and they are m aking a lot of m oney like that (D, m utirante) ...we know t hat our leader sold our houses, even before we built t hem . I was here st anding on m y doorst ep and I j ust saw people point ing, saying t hat t hat was where t he house was going t o be ( ...) and point ed t o m y shack as if I did not exist ( ...) who had bought it I don’t know for how m uch, t hat t he house was going t o be on t he shadow side ( ...) I j ust kept quiet ( ...) I want t o see who’s gonna t ake m e away from here. I f som ebody sold, t hen he has t o set t le it wit h here, because here ( ...) it ’s gonna end up in blood if t hey com e and m ess wit h m e ( Re, m ut irant e) .
Soon, it w as not uncom m on t o find fam ilies
i n si d e t h e co m m u n i t y h e l p i n g si t e w h o w e r e n o t
regist ered in t he proj ect or, on t he opposit e, regist ered
fam ilies who did not live on t he sit e. The exist ence of
n on - r egist er ed f am ilies liv in g in sh ack s on t h e sit e
cr eat ed a sit u at ion of g r eat r iv alr y, r ep r esen t in g a
sour ce of gr ow ing insecur it y about t he possibilit y of
get t ing one’s ow n house.
Despit e so m any difficult ies, uncert aint ies and
harsh housing condit ions, t he fam ilies, m ore t han any
ot hers, rej ect ed t he label of slum dw ellers, based on
socially at t ribut ed m eanings ( st ereot ypes) ; an invisible
bar r ier put up t o com plicat e fur t her or ev en im pede
t heir goals.
When t hey left behind all of t heir r efer ences
t he fam ilies were bet t ing on t he prom ise of land and
bet t er condit ions t o build t he house t hey had dream t
of. This prom ise charact erized life in t he shacks as a
necessary and even st rat egic, but also very t em porary
con dit ion . Th u s, t h e f am ilies liv in g in sh ack s h ad a
goal, as w ell as t he per sons conduct ing t hem w it hin
t h is goal. Hen ce, t h ey n eit h er w an t ed n or cou ld be
t r eat ed as slu m d w eller s, an d t h e com m u n it y t h ey
const it ut ed should not be m ixed up wit h a slum eit her.
Th is con dit ion , w h ich is so ch ar act er ist ic of
t he for m at ion of agglom er at es, cont ained im por t ant
v ar iables t hat per m it t ed not only t he appear ance of
p o t e n t s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r m s , b u t a l s o t h e
const ruct ion of a self- concept . Because t hey disagreed
w it h t he r est of societ y, t hese fam ilies r eint er pr et ed
t he slum concept , const r uct ing t he concept t hat best
d e f i n e d s l u m s i n t h e i r o p i n i o n : t h e s e a r e t h e
com m unit y helping ser v ices, and it s inhabit ant s ar e
t he fam ilies t hat becom e m em bers of t his com m unit y.
FI NAL CONSI DERATI ONS
We found t hat t he dream of “ a bet t er life” is
p ar t of f am ilies’ r ep r esen t at ion s in t h e com m u n it y
helping ser v ice, w hose sy m bol is m at er ialized in t he
acquisit ion of one’s ow n house. How ev er, t he social
and hist or ical t r ansfor m at ions t hat m ak e us w it ness
t he passage from t he t radit ional slum form at ion m odel
t o t h e cu r r en t r eal i t y of b i g h u m an ag g l om er at es
r esult ing fr om ow n house policies, hav e not br ought
gr eat changes for t he fr agile condit ion t hese fam ilies
are exposed t o, when t he realit y t hey are faced wit h
on t he com m unit y housing sit es is st ill m arked by t he
absence of socio- environm ent al and sanit ary st ruct ure.
I f, on t he one hand, t hey are m ore subj ect t o
diseases due t o t heir great er exposure t o risk fact ors,
on t he ot her, t he fam ilies’ needs in t he com m unit y go
b e y o n d t h e l i m i t s o f m a t e r i a l p o v e r t y a n d r e a ch
p er son al id en t it y, m ak in g it im p ossib le n ot on ly t o
sat isf y b asic n eed s, b u t also b ein g r esp on sib le f or
t h e br eak in g of ot h er bon ds. Th is ph en om en on h as
r eper cussions as a bar r ier t hat m akes t hese fam ilies’
access t o t he form al service and healt h care net work
m or e d if f icu lt ; t h u s, t h e sy st em con t r ib u t es t o t h e
f am ily ’s discr im in at ion / m ar gin alizat ion on t h e basis
of it s ex clusion fr om public spaces.
Nevert heless, t he fight t o cont inue occupying
t he shack on t he com m unit y helping sit e, t he need t o
ov er com e en v ir on m en t al p r ob lem s ( su ch as w eed ,
m ud, insect s et c,) , t he need t o delim it dom ains as a
way of guarant eeing t he conquered spaces, associat ed
w it h t h e ph y sical w or k of con st r u ct in g t h eir sh ack s
cr eat es a v er y in t en se f eelin g of b elon g in g in t h e
f am ilies.
Fo r t h ese f a m i l i es, b el o n g i n g a l so m ea n s
f e e l i n g t h e n e e d t o a p p e a r, t o m a k e t h e m se l v es
evidenced; t he survival of t he com m unit y in it s current
st r u ct u r e d e p e n d s o n a n e x p l i ci t a n d p e r m a n e n t
disclosur e. This disclosur e cont ains t he fundam ent al
i m p o r t a n t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y h e l p i n g s e r v i c e ’ s
r eco g n i t i o n a s h a v i n g i t s o w n i d en t i t y ; r ev ea l i n g
per t in en t cu lt u r al t r ait s an d m or e clear ly r ef lect in g
t h e d y n a m i cs o f i t s f o r m a t i o n , t h e f e e l i n g s a n d
pr ocesses t he fam ilies ar e subm it t ed t o.
This giv es r ise t o t he use of t he ex pr ession
“ com m unit y helping ser v ice” by people w ho w ant t o
be inser t ed in t his ser v ice in or der t o w or k w it h t he
fam ilies. I t is alm ost a r equir em ent . Assim ilat ing it s
co n v i ct i o n s a n d i n t r o d u ci n g t h e m i n t o t h e i r o w n
c u l t u r a l u n i v e r s e i s a h u g e c h a l l e n g e t o c a r e
p r of ession als.
Th i s ch al l en g e al so i n cl u d es f o l l o w i n g t h e
fam ilies in com m unit y helping services t o learn about
t heir m ost inst inct ive concept : t he concept of solidarit y.
Working wit h nursing care on t he basis of t his concept
r eq u ir es a d ir ect p ar t n er sh ip w it h t h e com m u n it y,
w eav in g a t r u e r elat ion sh ip n et w or k , in sid e w h ich
n u r ses can ar t icu lat e/ m ob ilize m at er ial an d h u m an
r esour ces locat ed at differ ent point s in t he net w or k .
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